Uswag Journal: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

Uswag Journal:

Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

I - Description

The Journal's short name "Uswag Journal" which literally means development and/or progress in the field of research is the official research journal of Catanduanes State University. The journal publishes scientific articles which have the potential to grow and evolve into significant advancement on various disciplines.

Thus, the Uswag Journal: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research is committed to advancing knowledge across a wide range of disciplines by publishing high-quality and peer-reviewed research articles, reviews and commentaries. The journal entries are primarily scholarly outputs of the faculty researchers and staff from the different colleges and units of the institution.

The journal welcomes submission from all areas of science and social sciences, and as well as interdisciplinary research that crosses traditional disciplinary boundaries. The journal is interested in research, development and innovation that uses novel approaches, techniques and methods from various disciplines towards local, national and global progress and development. The journal is reviewed by internal and external researchers and is published semi-annually.

Volume 2 Number 2, 2024

Preliminary Pages

DC Electrical System of Solar Powered Residential Shanty

Edwin T. Romero, Gregorio A. Eubra

Abstract:
This study developed a DC Electrical System of Solar Powered Residential Shanty as a modified and innovative technological resource for renewable energy awareness. The research designed, constructed, and tested a direct current system that operated with altered loads for household use. The system demonstrated technical simplicity and cost-effectiveness through its inverter-free design and modified low-cost controller circuits. The study employed descriptive and developmental research methods using survey questionnaires, documentary analysis, and interviews. Validation involved 5 experts from electrical technology schools and 25 end-users from 4 barangays in Pandan, Catanduanes. Data analysis using weighted means revealed the system's versatility in different power ratings and its effectiveness as an alternative energy source for domestic appliances, particularly during calamities and power interruptions. Expert validation yielded highly satisfactory ratings across technical capacity, economic viability, environmental soundness, political acceptability, and social acceptability. The system proved successful in construction and implementation, receiving strong acceptance from both expert validators and end-users.

Cite this article:
Romero, E.T., & Eubra, G.A. (2024). DC electrical system of solar powered residential shanty. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 5–12.

Design and Development of SOW-Hy Electric Tricycle

Edwin T. Romero, Ramon S. Idanan, Jefferson E. Urbano

Abstract:
This research accomplished the design, construction, and evaluation of a Solar-Wind Hybrid (SOW-Hy) Electric Tricycle as a sustainable transportation alternative. The tricycle combines innovative features, including solar, wind, and pedal-powered charging systems. The tricycle demonstrated important technical feasibility, economic viability, and environmental sustainability through validating and processing results from user’s survey. The study's results highlight the potential of such hybrid systems to lessen dependence on fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and raise sustainable mobility. Future research will focus on improving the energy storage system and extending the tricycle's functioning range.

Cite this article:
Romero, E.T., Idanan, R.S., & Urbano, J.E. (2024). Design and development of SOW-Hy electric tricycle. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 13–21.

Utilization of Mungbean-Taro Composite Flour in Making Gluten-Free Noodles

Jacqueline A. Quintal, Genelyn Alilly C. San Juan

Abstract:
This study aimed to make gluten-free noodles using locally available crops as non-wheat flour sources, providing accessible noodle options for individuals with gluten intolerance while supporting local agricultural economies. It used a composite mixture incorporating mung bean flour (MBF) and taro flour (TF) in different proportions: 25% MBF: 75% TF, 50% MBF: 50% TF, 75% MBF: 25% TF, and a control with 100% all-purpose flour (APF). Fifteen trained panelists evaluated the quality characteristics of the noodles through quality scoring, while 40 consumers determined the level of acceptability through a 9-point hedonic scale. Increasing the proportion of mung bean flour compared to taro flour in the composite flour mixture resulted in a more pronounced color, aroma, and flavor, while all treatments achieved an “al dente” texture. Noodles with a 75% MBF: 25% TF ratio received the highest mean ratings in terms of color (6.47±0.75), aroma (5.23±1.07), texture (4.27±1.98), and flavor (4.60±1.67). in terms of acceptability, the 100% APF noodles were “liked very much” in terms of color (7.7±1.1), texture (7.9±0.9), and overall liking (7.5±0.8). Although APF noodles received the highest ratings for aroma and flavor, they were rated as “liked moderately” alongside the 50% MBF: 50% TF and 75% MBF: 25% TF noodles. While color acceptability was consistent across treatments, texture ratings significantly favored the APF noodles. The 50% MBF: 50% TF and 75% MBF: 25% TF noodles showed no significant differences from APF noodles in aroma, flavor, and overall liking, suggesting their potential to make noodles without adversely affecting consumer acceptance. Future research should explore additional ingredients and processes, such as other hydrocolloids and starch pre-gelatinization, to enhance the quality and acceptability, particularly of the 50% MBF: 50% TF and 75% MBF: 25% TF noodles.

Cite this article:
Quintal, J.A., & San Juan, G.A.C. (2024). Utilization of Mungbean-Taro composite flour in making gluten-free noodles. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 22–34.

Species Composition and Reproductive Biology of Flying Fish (Exocoetidae) in Southern Catanduanes Island, Philippines

Ma. Cecilia T. Arcilla

Abstract:
Flying fish are extensively fished for food and as baitfish in Southern Catanduanes. This fishery has existed over time and supported the livelihood of municipal fishers in the area. However, no studies have been conducted in order to determine the species of flying fish and its reproductive biology which could be used as basis for its management and conservation. This study was conducted from March to May 2019 and February to June 2020 with the aim of identifying the species of flying fish and determine its reproductive biology. Species of flying fish were identified using morphological characteristics. Five species belonging to two genera (Cheilopogon and Cypselurus) were identified from the fishing ground. For the reproductive biology, gonad samples from Cheilopogon spilopterus were collected on a monthly basis and morphological and histological examinations were conducted. Results showed that the sex ratio of 1 M: 1.2 F is not significantly different from the expected ratio of 1:1 (df = 1; χ2 (0.05) = 3.841). Higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) was observed in March, April and May of both years. During this period, only three developmental stages were observed both morphologically and histologically, namely (1) maturing, (2) mature and (3) spent stages. Different stages of oocyte development were also observed. Mature individuals of this species are found from March to May which coincides with the peak fishing season in the area. Knowledge about the species of flying fish as well as its reproductive biology will aid fisheries managers to device management plan in order to avoid overexploitation and eventual depletion of this resource in the local waters.

Cite this article:
Arcilla, M.C.T. (2024). Species composition and reproductive biology of flying fish (Exocoetidae) in Southern Catanduanes Island, Philippines. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 35–44.

Fungal Pathogens and Handling Practices Associated with Rot Diseases during Display and Storage of Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in Virac Public Market, Catanduanes, Philippines

Sharmaine C. Biñas

Abstract:
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a globally important crop prized for its starchy tuberous roots. However, it is highly susceptible to rot causing fungal pathogens, particularly due to mechanical damage from poor postharvest handling during storage and market display. This study examined the fungal pathogens associated with rot diseases in sweetpotatoes sold at the Virac Public Market, Catanduanes, Philippines March to July 2023. Sixty-six (66) sweetpotatoes were randomly collected and brought to the laboratory. Putative fungal pathogens were isolated using aseptic techniques, and identified based on their morphological characteristics in PDA cultures and through light microscopy. The most common rot symptoms observed include light to dark brown, circular to irregularly shaped, dry and sunken lesions with or without concentric rings, measured an average of 140 mm with white conspicuous white whiskers-like mycelial growth. Predominant pathogens isolated from the advancing margins were putatively identified as Rhizopus sp. (48.3%), Aspergillus sp. RDS-S02 (18.8%), Aspergillus sp. RDS-S03 (6.25%), Aspergillus sp. RDS-S04 (12.5%), and Fusarium sp. (10.3%). Moreover, eleven (11) vendors from purposively selected stalls were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess the vendors’ handling practices during display and storage of sweetpotato. Despite 100% of the vendor are aware of disease symptoms and crop malformations, proper handling practices, particularly during storage and display, were not consistently observed. Local vendors often neglect proper hygiene, which spreads pathogens and causes damage. They also store tuberous roots in warm, humid conditions inside wooden or plastic crates conducive to growth of rot causing fungal pathogens.

Cite this article:
Biñas, S.C.B. (2024). Fungal pathogens and handling practices associated with rot diseases during display and storage of Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in Virac Public Market, Catanduanes, Philippines. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 45–57.

Pagsusuri sa Pinagmulan ng Pangalan ng mga Barangay sa Catanduanes

April Grace Lazado-Maca, Josephine R. Tomagan

Abstract:
Pangunahing layunin ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang tema at pinagmulan ng mga barangay sa bawat bayan ng Catanduanes. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay gumamit ng kuwali-kuwantitatibong pamamaraan ng pag-aaral. Ginamit ang pagsusuring pangnilalaman sa pagtukoy sa pagbuo ng pangalan ng mga barangay sa Catanduanes. Sinipat ang pagkakabuo ng mga barangay batay sa morpoponemikong pagbabago. Ito ay binigyan ng malalim na pagsusuri at interpretasyon. Samantala, ang kuwantitatibong pamamaraan ay makikita sa pagtukoy sa mga naging tema na nakapaloob sa mga pangalan ng barangay. Nagsagawa rin ng pagsasalin ng mga datos sa kasaysayan ng mga barangay na siyang naging awtput ng pag-aaral at batayan sa pagkakabuo ng glosaryo. Marami ang bilang ng pangalan ng mga barangay na ang pangalan ay nabuo galing o binatay sa mga Santo/Santa na kanilang pinaniniwalaan sa kanilang lugar. Ang mga barangay sa Catanduanes ay ipinangalan o nabuo noong panahon kung kailan nandito pa naninirahan o namumuno ang mga dayuhan isa na dito ang Espanyol. May mga pangalan ng lugar na ibang-iba sa orihinal o una nitong pangalan sa dahilang may mga pagkakataon na mas minabuti ng mga tao na baguhin ang pangalan ng lugar para mas mapadali ang pagbigkas dito o kaya nama’y mas madali itong matandaan. Inirekomenda na ang binuong awtput ng pananaliksik ay maaaring gamitin sa pagtuturo-pagkatuto sa mga paksang ukol sa panitikang lokal, kasaysayan, at panglingguwistikang paksain.

Cite this article:
Lazado-Maca, A.G., & Tomagan, J.R. (2024). Pagsusuri sa pinagmulan ng pangalan ng mga barangay sa Catanduanes. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 58–66.

Gender-Fair Language at Work: Recognition, Attitude, Willingness and Challenges from Government Agencies of Catanduanes

Jimmylen Z. Tonio

Abstract:
As part of the Philippine government's initiative to incorporate women's issues into its plans and initiatives while mainstreaming gender-related activities, the use of gender-fair language in all workplace communications has been advocated. This study investigates the recognition, attitude, willingness, and challenges pertaining to the implementation of gender-fair language within seven government agencies and offices in one of the provinces in the Philippines. Drawing upon the data collected through a Gender-Fair Test and modified ISANL-G questionnaire conducted among 100 government employees, the findings reveal several key insights. First, government personnel exhibit low accuracy in identifying gender-fair language, indicating a need for improved understanding. They also struggle to recognize non-gender fair language, reflecting a lack of awareness of gender biases. Second, employees have an 'undecided' attitude toward gender-fair language, despite moderate willingness to adopt it. Third, challenges include insufficient training, resistance to change, potential misinterpretation, communication issues, cultural influences, and lack of guidelines. To address these challenges, recommended institutional level interventions involve awareness raising, training, and fostering a positive attitude toward inclusive language, online workshops, collaboration with experts, and policy development. These measures aim to promote gender equality and inclusivity within government agencies in Catanduanes.

Cite this article:
Tonio, J.Z. (2024). Gender-fair language at work: Recognition, attitude, willingness and challenges from government agencies of Catanduanes. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 67–81.

Impacts of CatSU Airlinks (Ugnayan sa Himpapawid) to Catanduanes: An Extension Program of Catanduanes State University

Lani A. Ilagan

Abstract:
This study evaluates the impacts of Catanduanes State University’s extension program, CatSU Airlink (Ugnayan sa Himpapawid), a radio initiative serving two municipalities in Catanduanes, as they were only reached by the broadcast at that time. Initially focused on traditional radio broadcasts, CatSU Airlink has evolved to incorporate modern technology, expanding its reach through platforms like Facebook Live. This transition enhances communication and information dissemination, marking a shift toward a contemporary outreach approach. Employing a mixed-methods strategy, the research involved quantitative and qualitative data collection through structured questionnaires and interviews with 100 respondents across ten barangays. Led by the College of Science, particularly the Natural Science Department, the program addresses global environmental issues while emphasizing the interconnectedness of nature. Findings indicate a strong level of effectiveness, with participants demonstrating significant knowledge gains and skill improvements. Attitudes and behaviors were also rated highly effective, reflecting a positive community impact. To sustain and further enhance the program, recommendations include continuous monitoring and evaluation to align the curriculum with community needs and the establishment of regular feedback mechanisms to gather participant insights. In conclusion, this evaluation underscores the effectiveness of the community extension services provided to local residents over five years. By implementing the outlined recommendations, CatSU Airlink can ensure ongoing success and enhance its initiatives, fostering a lasting positive impact on the community.

Cite this article:
Ilagan, L.A. (2024). Impacts of CatSU Airlinks (Ugnayan sa Himpapawid) to Catanduanes: An extension program of Catanduanes State University. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 82–93.

Linguistic Features and Motivations of Code-Switching: A Study of Multilingual Teachers and Students in English Classroom Interactions

Jimmylen Z. Tonio

Abstract:
This study examines the linguistic features and motivations for code-switching among bilingual teachers and students in English classrooms, a phenomenon with significant implications for language learning and pedagogy. Code-switching, the alternation between languages, is particularly relevant in multilingual educational contexts like English classrooms, where it serves as both a communication and instructional strategy. Through audio recordings of classroom interactions, analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods, the study found that intra-sentential code-switching was the most prevalent form used by both teachers and students. Key motivations for code-switching included concept instruction, reiteration for clarity, and facilitating communication. Notably, no significant differences were observed in the linguistic features of code-switching between teachers and students, indicating that age and role did not significantly influence these practices. The findings hold theoretical significance in the current educational context, where fostering bilingual competence is a priority. Code-switching reflects the dynamic interplay of linguistic systems in bilinguals and highlights its pedagogical potential as a scaffold for learning. By using code-switching strategically, educators can bridge linguistic gaps, enhance comprehension, and support learners' cognitive and cultural development. However, these benefits must be weighed against potential drawbacks, such as reduced target language exposure, which may impede language acquisition in the long term. This study underscores the importance of understanding when and how code-switching can be used effectively in language instruction. In the multilingual settings of today’s classrooms, code-switching can serve as an adaptive strategy to balance accessibility and immersion. Future research should delve into its long-term impact on language development and identify best practices for its integration into teaching methodologies. This is especially significant as educators navigate the complexities of multilingual education in a globalized world.

Cite this article:
Tonio, J.Z. (2024). Linguistic features and motivations of code-switching: A study of multilingual teachers and students in English classroom interactions. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 94–105.

Exploring Gender Identity Discovery and Expression Through Art Among Filipino Youth

Patricia May O. dela Cueva, Inero V. Ancho, Helga P. Vergara, Eric Paul D. Peralta, Daisy Pelegrina

Abstract:
Gender identity remains to be a concept that is mostly seen as linear to one's sex, gender, gender expression, and gender roles, especially in the Philippine context which greatly affects not only the welfare of individuals with nonconforming gender identities but also the relationships formed by them. This study mainly aimed to explore gender identity discovery in a more positive outlook, how it affected their relationships within their environment, while also incorporating art and how it could be a creative outlet for expressing their emotions and advocacies. A phenomenological approach was employed which enabled the researcher to gather the lived experiences of nine (9) college students from a state university in Los Banos through a face-to-face interview. Utilizing thematic analysis in this study indicated how the participants have expressed a more positive feeling and mindset towards themselves and others after discovering their gender identity. The results also showed how most of the environments in which the participants chose to disclose their gender identity have made a greater impact on their confidence which motivated them even more to explore their identity. Despite these positive feelings and impacts, those negative experiences can never be left behind in order to create such strong and confident individuals. The results also showed how art is seen as a powerful tool of self-expression yet still a weak but flourishing tool when it comes to making a change in such a heteronormative society as the Philippines.

Cite this article:
Dela Cueva, P.M.O., Ancho, I.V., Vergara, H.P., Peralta, E.P.D., & Pelegrina, D. (2024). Exploring gender identity discovery and expression through art among Filipino youth. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 106–122.

Volume 2 Number 1, 2024

Preliminary Pages

Ang Kuwento ng Pag-iibigan nina Kurakog at Kalarab: Pagsusuri sa mga Naratibo ng mga Bagamanocnon Kaugnay ng Ilihan Point

Ma. Sofia S. Llaguno and Jovert R. Balunsay

Abstract:
Sadyang mayaman sa samot-saring panitikan ang mga rehiyon sa bansa. Sa papel na ito, nilikom at sinuri ng mga mananaliksik ang hinggil sa mga naratibong kaugnay ng Ilihan Point. Gamit ang pakikipanayam, transkripsiyon at pagsusuri ay inalam ng mga mananaliksik ang iba’t ibang danas, istorya, at historya ng mga Bagamanocnon kaugnay ng Ilihan. Sentro ng pagsusuri ang pag-alam sa mga umiiral na paksa, pagpapahalaga, at aspektong kultural na nahango sa mga naratibo. At dahil dito ay napag-alaman ng mga mananaliksik na ang paksang umiiral sa mga naratibo ay tungkol sa kalikasan, mga supernatural na nilalang, at marami pang iba. Pinakamaraming nahangong pagpapahalaga sa mga naratibo ay ang katatagan. Samantala, napagtanto ring repleksiyon ng paniniwala, kaugalian, at tradisyon ang nasabing mga akda. Ito ang nagbunsod sa mga mananaliksik upang imungkahing gawing dagdag na suplimentaryong kagamitang panturo ang mga nalikom na naratibo.

Cite this article:
Llaguno, M.S., & Balunsay, J.R. (2024). Ang kuwento ng pag-iibigan nina Kurakog at Kalarab: Pagsusuri sa mga naratibo ng mga Bagamanocnon kaugnay ng Ilihan Point. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 5–17.

Perceptions of Language Assessment Literacy Among SUC English Language Educators in a Flexible Learning Environment

Jimmylen Z. Tonio, Romeleen S. Go-Vela and Ma. Sofia S. Llaguno

Abstract:
The sudden shift to flexible learning due to COVID-19 necessitated a reevaluation of assessment practices in higher education. This study explored State Universities and Colleges' (SUCs) English Language Educators' (ELEs) perceptions of their Language Assessment Literacy (LAL) within flexible learning environments. Employing a quantitative approach, a questionnaire adapted from Grialdo's (2018) LAL checklist was used. Frequency analysis of data collected from SUC ELEs examined their perceptions across various LAL domains. Thirty (30) SUC ELEs were chosen to participate in the study using non-probability sampling, specifically purposive-convenience sampling. They answered yes/no questions about their knowledge, skills, and ethical considerations related to assessment. Findings revealed a strong foundation in knowledge related to applied linguistics and assessment theory among SUC ELEs. They emphasized diverse and formative assessment practices, prioritizing ethical considerations. However, variability existed in data analysis skills, and not all participants utilized advanced statistical software. However, the study relied on self-reported perceptions, potentially not reflecting actual practices. Additionally, using a single model (Giraldo's) might limit capturing the full range of LAL skills. Finally, focusing on SUC ELEs in the Philippines restricts generalizability to other educational contexts. Despite these limitations, the study suggests a generally strong foundation in LAL among SUC ELEs. This study highlights the overall strength of LAL among SUC ELEs, particularly in knowledge and ethical considerations. It also identifies areas for development in advanced data analysis and technology integration for assessment design and interpretation. These findings inform the need for targeted professional development programs to further enhance SUC ELEs' LAL and empower them to design effective assessments in flexible learning environments.

Cite this article:
Tonio, J.Z., Go-Vela, R.S., & Llaguno, M.S. (2024). Perceptions of language assessment literacy among SUC English Language Educators in a flexible learning environment. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 18–27.

Moving on in the New Normal: A Mixed Methods Study Among Men and Women in the Teaching Profession

Rosana S. Abundo

Abstract:
Teaching as a profession is about inspiring and motivating students to realize and exceed their potential, hence the greatest teachers have devoted their lives in inspiring and empowering their students to become good human beings. Nevertheless, men and women in the teaching profession are challenged with the various functions they have to perform especially during the new normal landscape in education, hence motivation to work is at stake. This sequential explanatory mixed methods study delved into the work motivation of 119 men and women in the Catanduanes State University. The quantitative results revealed a high level of motivation along aspects of self-determination theory but with no significant difference between the sexes. Moreover, qualitative results specifically capture the experiences of the men and women in the teaching profession. They are motivated by their innate drive for teaching, drive for comfort and security as well as drive for competence. Both the results of the two phases of the study characterized work motivation to be highly considered in policy formulation and management planning of the university. Mixing the quantitative and qualitative results recommends that the findings may be highly considered in the policy formulation and management planning of the university along faculty development.

Cite this article:
Abundo, R.S. (2024). Moving on in the new normal: A mixed methods study among men and women in the teaching profession. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 28–36.

Module on Historical Sites and Structures in Bicol Region: Development and Evaluation

Amy Tud-Moraña

Abstract:
This developmental research aimed to develop and evaluate module on historical sites and structures in Bicol region using the sociocognitive-transformative materials design model for utilization of GEC students in the course “Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas” specifically in HEIs in Bicol Region. Further, it was undertaken to respond to the need for development of materials in Filipino in the General Education courses under the New General Education Curriculum in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), to support the research agenda on development and preservation of Bicol identity and culture, and to carry out the mandate of Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as stated in the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 and the Constitution. The development and evaluation of the module undergone design, development, evaluation and revision phases. Findings revealed that the developed and evaluated module passed all the criteria of evaluation of print materials as shown in the overall mean scores on content, format, presentation and organization and on the accuracy and up-to-datedness of information as evaluated by practitioner-evaluators. Since the module anchored its pedagogical principles and concepts on socio-cognitive perspectives and transformative learning, the abstract learning theory was translated into specific teaching-learning process to bridge theory and practice. From the data analysis results, it can be deduced that the researcher-made module can be a very good supplementary learner’s material in regional/local history and can be adapted for use in General Education course. It is further recommended for copyright, publication and production.

Cite this article:
Moraña, A.T. (2024). Module on historical sites and structures in Bicol Region: Development and evaluation. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 37–45.

Courtship Practices in Catanduanes, Philippines

Joseph G. Zafe, Maricel S. Cariaso, Dennis T. Teves and Reimarl M. Fuentebella

Abstract:
This qualitative research aimed to determine the courtship practices in Catanduanes by exploring the values, activities, communication methods, and challenges encountered by different generations during courtship. The study identified three phases of courtship: attraction, comfort and trust, and seduction. Findings revealed that personality traits such as kindness, courtesy, respect, humor, responsibility, sweetness, and caring, as well as physical attractiveness, play significant roles in mutual attraction. Comfort and trust were built through activities like gift-giving, socialization, getting to know each other, acts of service, traditional serenades ("Harana"), and bridging. Intimacy was fostered through seduction activities such as holding hands, hugging, cuddling, kissing, and sexual intercourse. The transition between traditional and modern communication methods reflected local norms and beliefs. Challenges in courtship included jealousy, third-party involvement, and financial and health issues. The study recommends further research on courtship evolution, married life, and parenting styles in Catanduanes, suggesting their inclusion in the school curriculum to strengthen family foundations and promote community harmony.

Cite this article:
Zafe, J.G., Cariaso, M.S., Teves, D.T., & Fuentebella, R.M. (2024). Courtship practices in Catanduanes, Philippines. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 46–57.

Belief, Faith, and Religion Amidst the Pandemic: The Experiences and Religious Status of Filipino Senior Citizens During the Community Quarantine

Dreamelyn V. Ragasa, Inero V. Ancho, Sue Liza C. Saguiguit, Helga P. Vergara and Daisy V. Pelegrina

Abstract:
The suspension of religious activities during the community quarantine had significant impacts on various religious groups, particularly vulnerable populations such as senior citizens. This study aimed to examine the effects of the quarantine on the religious status of Filipino senior citizens. Using a qualitative research design, specifically a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, the researchers conducted in-depth interviews with seven senior citizens selected through convenience sampling. The interviews utilized open-ended questions and thematic analysis was employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of each participant's religious experiences. The findings revealed that although the seniors faced stringent protocols and limitations due to their age, their religious affiliations remained unaffected, and their faith became stronger and more profound. The study also highlighted their reliance on God during this challenging time and their longing for companionship. The study recommends the implementation of a weekly gathering specifically for senior citizens to enhance their social and physical well-being to address the unique needs of seniors and provide them with support and companionship within their religious community.

Cite this article:
Ragasa, D.V., Ancho, I.V., Saguiguit, S.L.C., Vergara, H.P., & Pelegrina D.V. (2024). Belief, faith, and religion amidst the pandemic: The experiences and religious status of Filipino Senior Citizens during the community quarantine. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 58-71.

Volume 1 Number 2, 2023

Preliminary Pages

Performance of Different Foundation Rice Varieties at Panganiban, Catanduanes

Eduardo D. Peña

Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted which consisted of four (4) foundation rice varieties as treatments replicated four (4) times in an experimental lot measuring 30 by 15 m using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate the performance of the different foundation rice varieties based on the agro-morphological characteristics at Panganiban, Catanduanes during the 2020/2021 cropping season. Results revealed that the different foundation rice seed varieties were significantly different in terms of their agro-morphological performance in response to the prevailing weather pattern during the cropping season. Foundation rice seed variety NSIC Rc 242 produced the highest yield, tallest plant height, few missing hills, and the most significant number of grains per panicle. Variety NSIC Rc 400 gave the most significant number of tillers and the longest panicle. The highest number of productive tillers was noted on NSIC Rc 15. The NSIC Rc 438 yielded the highest percentage of filled grains and the earliest maturity. Analysis of variance for the different agro-morphological characteristics indicated significant mean differences in plant height (F=6.59 and p<0.05), tillering capacity (F=19.68 and p<0.05), length of panicle (F=18.70 and p<0.05), number of grains/panicle (F=6.71 and p<0.05), and percentage of filled grains (F=10.35 and p<0.05). Grain yield, missing hills per plot, and the number of productive tillers were similar among treatments. NSIC Rc 242, being the highest yielder, tallest height, few missing hills, and greatest number of grains per panicle is highly recommended for adoption at Panganiban, Catanduanes prevailing weather pattern.

Cite this article:
Peña, E.P. (2023). Performance of Different Foundation Rice Varieties at Panganiban, Catanduanes. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(2), 6–12.

Wikang Filipino sa Panahon ng Krisis: Ang Leksikograpiya ng mga Terminolohiyang Kaugnay ng COVID-19 sa Pilipinas

Jovert R. Balunsay and Susan M. Tindugan

Abstract:
Patuloy pa ring nadarama ng mundo ang naging epekto nang nagdaang pandemyang COVID-19. Halos lahat ng sektor ng lipunan ay apektado nito. Umabot sa milyon-milyong tao ang nagkasakit, nahawahan, at namatay. Marami na ring negosyo ang nagsara, nagbukas, at muling nalugi dahil sa mga patakarang pangkapaligiran. Sa kabila ng lahat ng ito, sadyang marami pa rin ang may salat na kaalaman sa pandemya, kung paano ito maiiwasan, at kung paano ito mapaglalabanan. Sa papel na ito, sinikap tuklasin ng mga mananaliksik ang mga terminolohiyang umusbong, ginamit, kaugnay, at maididikit sa pandemya at binigyan ito ng kahulugan sa wikang Filipino. Sa ganitong paraan, naniniwala ang mga mananaliksik na mas mailalapit sa masa ang mga leksiyong turo ng pandemya. Batay sa matiim na pangangalap ng datos, nalikom ang 940 mga pananalita na mula sa 20 magkakaibang dominyo mula sa medisina, agham, hanggang sa edukasyon, sosyolohiya, musika, at marami pang iba. Bawat salita ay sinuri ang kinabibilangang bahagi ng panalita at paraan ng pagkakabuo na humantong sa mga may-akda upang mabuo ang COVIDIKSIYONARYO na siyang awtput ng pag-aaral na ito.

Cite this article:
Balunsay, J.R., & Tindugan, S.M. (2023). Wikang Filipino sa panahon ng krisis: Ang leksikograpiya ng mga terminolohiyang kaugnay ng COVID-19 sa Pilipinas. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(2), 13-35.

Proactive Resilience: How Catandunganons Prepare to Face Up a Super Typhoon’s Fury

Ramon Felipe A. Sarmiento, Joel Jordan, Ma. Nena T. Vital and Maricel S. Cariaso

Abstract:
Using a combination of research methods, this study aimed to 1) describe the lived experience of the survivors of super typhoon Rolly (with international name “Goni”) in Catanduanes in terms of their preparations; 2) reconstruct their worldview regarding typhoons and preparation practices in dealing with them; and 3) identify policy implications as indicated by the lived experiences. Specifically, this investigation used case-study approach to capture the lived experiences and network analysis to describe the refuge-seeking behavior. Findings indicate that the survivors faced typhoon Rolly according to what may be called a “culture of resiliency” cultivated through many previous experiences of typhoons. It is comprising of 1) a worldview that takes typhoons as integral part of reality that constantly shape their lives, an attitude of acceptance and facing up to its challenges; and 2) a set of proven practices in mitigating its impact, including the use of social capital of informal network for refuge-seeking and accessing resources for basic necessities for survival and building back to normalcy. A salient character of the Catandunganons’ enterprise of disaster mitigation is its social class dimension: dealing with typhoons is differentiated according to the divide between the “haves” and the “have-nots.” Findings too imply on policy formation by the institutionalized stakeholders such as the local government. Basically, it is suggested that planning for disaster mitigating must be based on the assumption that the people have indigenous knowledge and resources in effective dealing with the impact of typhoons. Among other recommendations, it is specifically desirable to (1) make “ayuda” to be more proactive to include the giving out of goods for anticipatory buttressing of houses and other preparatory measures; (2) create building technologies that also target those of modest means.

Cite this article:
Sarmiento, R.F.A., Jordan, J., Vital, M.N.T., & Cariaso, M.S. (2023). Proactive resilience: How Catandunganons prepare to face up a Super Typhoon’s fury. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(2), 36-48.

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Coastal Communities in Southern Catanduanes Island, Philippines

Ricardo V. Arcilla Jr. and Ma. Cecilia T. Arcilla

Abstract:
This paper aims to provide data about the sources of vulnerability of coastal communities in Southern Catanduanes Island, particularly in its capital town Virac, especially to immediate, acute impacts of climate change (e.g., storm surge, ocean warming, etc.). A participatory assessment of the vulnerability of coastal communities was conducted using the Integrated Coastal Sensitivity, Exposure and Adaptive Capacity for Climate Change (I-C-Sea Change) tool. This tool was used to gather data based on a series of scoring rubrics intended to provide scores for sensitivity and lack of adaptive capacity particularly for coastal habitats like corals, seagrass and mangroves along with fisheries and coastal integrity. Scores for the sensitivity and LAC were then weighed against a threat or exposure to climate-related impacts based on existing projections. A total of 20 coastal communities/barangays were covered. Results showed that in terms of sensitivity, 18 out of 20 coastal communities scored moderate while two (2) out of 20 coastal communities scored low. Moderate scores are attributable to several factors like the condition of the coastal habitats, dependence on fisheries and coastal integrity. The low scores for the two coastal communities of Palnab del Sur and Palnab del Norte is associated with the good condition of its corals, seagrass and mangroves as well as the low dependence on fishery and the present condition of the coastline. In terms of LAC scores, all coastal communities scored moderate. Although other areas reported the absence of key coastal habitats like mangroves or seagrass, it is compensated by other indicators of adaptive capacity like human activity (no land conversion and deviation from approved CLUP), education, as well as the presence of a marine protected area/fish sanctuary in four (4) of the 20 barangays namely Magnesia del Sur, Magnesia del Norte, Marilima and Batag. Exposure score is moderate for sea surface temperature and wave exposure index, and high for sea surface height based on climate change projections since no site-specific data are available. Overall, the vulnerability to climate change impacts of the coastal communities in Southern Catanduanes, particularly its capital town of Virac, is moderate implying that these coastal communities are somehow vulnerable to climate change impacts and immediate actions to mitigate these impacts are imperative. The use of the I-C-Sea Change Tool provided initial profile of the vulnerabilities of the coastal communities which can be used as guide for decision making and prioritization of areas and actions.

Cite this article:
Arcilla, R.V., & Arcilla, M.C.T. (2023). Climate change vulnerability assessment of the coastal communities in Southern Catanduanes Island, Philippines. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(2), 49-59.

Documentation and Analysis of “Catanduanes Beloved:” Towards Building Catandungan Music Identity and Pedagogical Recommendations

Jose Z. Tria

Abstract:
The music of Catanduanes is a rich and diverse collection of borrowed and unique styles, reflecting the cultural and artistic experiences of its people. This study aims to document the official hymn of Catanduanes, "Catanduanes Beloved" or "Inang Catandungan," and analyze its rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic structure, providing unique musical characteristics. The lyrics, written by Macario Arcilla, and the melody, originating from old recollections of the Catandungan community, relate directly and indirectly to the geographical, historical, and philosophical function of the song. The findings of the study revealed that the song uses a combination of quarters, eighths, dotted eighths, and sixteenth notes, evoking the feel of a habanera or danza style in its rhythmic element. The melody ranges one and a half octaves and has a simple, child-like ambiance, combining the notes of the major scale with the occasional use of accidentals. The harmonic structure of the song evokes the major tonality, utilizing chords such as the tonic, sub-dominant, and dominant, with the added taste of a dominant seventh and raised tonic note. Although the music was influenced by the Spaniards, its message demonstrates aspects of Catandungan life. Pedagogical recommendations were identified, as this constitutes an avenue for music education and a vehicle for cultural continuity. Through the lens of "Catanduanes Beloved" or "Inang Catandungan," which is the official hymn of Catanduanes, this analysis helps to create a sense of identity for the Catandunganon, as well as for Bicolanos and Filipinos in general.

Cite this article:
Tria, J.Z. (2023). Documentation and analysis of “Catanduanes Beloved:” Towards building Catandungan music identity and pedagogical recommendations. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(2), 60-71.

Volume 1 Number 1, 2023

Preliminary Pages

DSS for client satisfaction survey feedback for the University’s service delivery improvement

Belen M. Tapado, John Gregory M. Bola, Erickson T. Salazar, Zcel T. Tablizo

Abstract:
Globalization of products and services demands improvement of an organization’s performance. Along with product and service delivery improvement challenges, companies need to focus not only on meeting customer expectations but also on surpassing them. As such, valuing the opinions of customers, giving the best customer experience, and measuring customer satisfaction are deemed vital not just for the company’s survival but also for gaining a competitive edge in the wired communities. It is because of these premises that the Client Satisfaction Survey Feedback system was developed in this study. The results of the Client Satisfaction Survey from School Year 2015-2016 to School Year 2020-2021 were captured and keyed, interpretations were provided, and actions for the improvement of service delivery for each department in this university were recommended by the system through the employment of Decision Support System technic. The system developed was a browser-based application which means that software and technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript were used for the frontend development, MySQL and PHP for the backend, and Apache as the local server of the system. Software Testing Standards specified under ISO/IEC 9126 which are functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and portability were the parameters employed to evaluate the system. Technical experts and end users evaluated the system as “Excellent” which means that they believe that the developed system would be beneficial for use in the university.

Cite this article:
Tapado, B. M., Bola, J. G. M., Salazar, E. T., & Tablizo, Z. T. (2023). DSS for client satisfaction survey feedback for the University’s service delivery improvement. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 6–15.

Phenotypic characterization of Philippine native carabao (Bubalus bubalis carabanensis), its utilization, management practices, and problems met in Northeast Catanduanes, Philippines

Ramon F. Samonte

Abstract:
This study aimed to conserve the Philippine native carabao's adaptability with resilient traits to diseases and environmental elements focused on ensuring food security and income for small-scale carabao farmers. A total of sixty (60) carabaos were characterized which comprised of thirty (30) carabulls and thirty (30) caracows, and sixty (60) carabao farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire randomly. Assessing the qualitative characteristics of the samples, findings showed that carabaos in the Viga, Bagamanoc and Panganiban were predominantly native (78.33%) and upgraded (21.37%). These carabaos were found have 457.2 kg body weight, 182.4 cm heart girth,138.3cm shoulder height, 149.0 cm body length, 70.4 cm tail length, 44.3 cm length of head 25.3 cm width of the head and 138.1 cm height of hips, on the average. Thus, a standard error (SE) of more than 0.5 showed a close relationship between the variance and manifest inbreeding. Moreover, these carabaos were commonly used in land preparation and as source of food for human consumption (carabeef), singly or both, while rarely as source of milk. Recordkeeping (60%), tethering (90%), deworming (68.3%), vaccination (70%), provision of housing or shed (75%), and branding (58.3%) were found adopted by farmers interviewed. Likewise, five problems were met namely indiscriminate age of slaughtering, weak carabao dispersal program, diseases, lack of farmer contact with extension workers, and lack of pasture due to land conversion. Based on the findings of this study, introduction of purebred stock, adoption of improved modified management practices, more linkages with academic, and funding institutions, and a "Model Carabao Farmer" scheme to entice younger generation into carabao production are recommended.

Cite this article:
Samonte, R. F. (2023). Phenotypic characterization of Philippine native carabao (Bubalus bubalis carabanensis), its utilization, management practices, and problems met in Northeast Catanduanes, Philippines. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 16–25.

Rice farming in Catanduanes during the COVID-19 pandemic

Nicca Aira A. Marquez, Fe M. Valledor

Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected the agricultural food system in the Philippines and abroad. This study focused on describing the status of rice farming in Catanduanes before and during the pandemic in four aspects namely production, post-harvest activities, marketing, and government intervention, and determining the perceived immediate impact of the pandemic on rice farming in the province. One-hundred thirty (130) rice farmers from all 11 municipalities were considered as the respondents of the study, which covers the first and second cropping of 2019 and 2020. Respondents of this study were mostly male tenants cultivating an average size of 1.375 ha of land with less than PHP 5,000.00 monthly income, while 50% of them are members of farmers’ or irrigators’ associations. The results of the study described that rice production during the pandemic was not hampered due to the lockdown since farmers’ mobility was not restricted. However, production costs changed due to the increased labor and fertilizer costs. Post-harvest costs also increased due to the increase in rice milling and transportation rental. The price of well-milled rice per kg and the number of bags of well-milled rice sold by farmers also increased during the pandemic. On the other hand, the government intensified the provision of free fertilizer and seeds to address the increasing cost of farm inputs. Although the conduct of training and techno-demo were limited during the pandemic, ATI in collaboration with local authorities made a way to provide online techno-gabay programs to farmers. The higher cost of transportation is perceived to be the most influencing effect caused by Covid-19 that affects rice farming in Catanduanes. It was observed that members of the farmers’ associations are informed of the projects and programs of the Department of Agriculture and can acquire production input support for their farms. This study emphasizes the empirical role of community organizations in these times of crisis.

Cite this article:
Marquez, N. A. A., & Valledor, F. M. (2023). Rice farming in Catanduanes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 26–33.

Propayl at kakayahang pampananaliksik ng mga guro sa Senior High School, Dibisyon ng Catanduanes: Isang panimulang pagsipat tungo sa pagbuo ng mungkahing gawaing pang-ekstensyon

Jaime T. Amante Jr.

Abstract:
Hindi matatawaran ang ambag o benepisyong dulot ng pananaliksik sa lahat ng larangan. Sa edukasyon, ang pananaliksik ang itinuturing na pundasyon ng mga bagong kaalamang inilalapat sa pagtuturo, pagsasagawa ng ekstensyon at produksiyon. Bunga ng patuloy na panawagan ng DepEd sa kaguruan na makiisa at makilahok sa gawaing pananaliksik, isinagawa ang pag-aaral na ito. Layunin nitong alamin ang estado at kakayahang pampananaliksik ng mga gurong nagtuturo ng kursong may kaugnayan sa pananaliksik sa antas senior high. Ang mga natuklasang datos ang ginawang batayan ng pagbuo ng mungkahing pang-ekstensyon. Sa pamamagitan nito, matutulungan silang matugunan ang mga suliraning kinakaharap sa gawaing pananaliksik. Natuklasan sa ginawang pag-aaral na katamtaman ang antas ng kanilang kakayahang pampananaliksik. Isang serye ng palihan sa pananaliksik ang mungkahing gawaing pang-ekstensyon na nabuo kaugnay ng pag-aaral na ito.

Cite this article:
Amante Jr., J. T. (2023). Propayl at kakayahang pampananaliksik ng mga guro sa Senior High School, Dibisyon ng Catanduanes: Isang panimulang pagsipat tungo sa pagbuo ng mungkahing gawaing pang-ekstensyon. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 34–52.

Pananalinghaga sa mga kontemporanyong tulang Bikolnon tuon sa mga paskil na tigsik ni Engr. Abdon B. Balde Jr.

Jovert R. Balunsay, Jaime T. Amante Jr.

Abstract:
Ang pagtitigsik ay isa sa mga tradisyonal na panitikan ng mga Bikolano. Mayaman ito sa mga aspektong kultural dahil masasalamin dito ang mga kaugalian at paniniwala ng mga Bikolano. Sa papel na ito, mabusising sinuri ng mga mananaliksik ang 267 paskil na tigsik ni Engr. Abdon B. Balde Jr. at hinango sa mga ito ang samot-saring matatalinghagang pahayag kagaya ng mga idyoma at tayutay. Nagbigay din ng pagpapakahulugan ang mga mananaliksik sa mga nahangong matatalinghagang pahayag. Bunga nito, ang mga mananaliksik ay nakabuo ng kongklusyong, ang mga tigsik ni Balde ay mabisang hanguan ng mga matatalinghagang pahayag at isa sa mga paraan upang mapalaganap ang kasiningan sa ganitong uri at anyo ng pagtula.

Cite this article:
Balunsay, J. R., & Amante Jr., J. T. (2023). Pananalinghaga sa mga kontemporanyong tulang Bikolnon tuon sa mga paskil na tigsik ni Engr. Abdon B. Balde Jr. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 53–81.

Self-efficacy and academic performance of Intermediate Pupils at CatSU Laboratory Schools under the blended learning approach

Sarah Jane G. Triumfante

Abstract:
This study sought to determine the level of self-efficacy and academic performance of intermediate pupils at the Catanduanes State Uuniversity Laboratory Schools under blended learning approach. It employed the descriptive-correlational method of research, utilizing the questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument. General weighted average for the previous school year was used to determine the academic performance of the pupils. There were 92 intermediate pupils involved in the study. The study revealed that (1) the majority of the respondents are female, 28 are in Grade 4, and 32 are in Grades 5 and 6, (2) the academic performance of the pupils is very satisfactory, (3) the level of self-efficacy of the pupils is generally high, (4) there is a moderate relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance of the pupils, and (5) there is no significant difference in self-efficacy and the academic performance among the pupils in terms of sex and grade level. The study recommended that (1) faculty members should embed to the learners the strategy instruction in each areas of learning, (2) faculty members should also set high and clear expectations for a quality work, (3) parents must create at home an atmosphere where their children would feel that they are supported, and (4) the school administration can provide e-classrooms, interactive classrooms, and a variety of learning resources that will cater holistic development and develop full potentials among learners.

Cite this article:
Triumfante, S. J. G. (2023). Self-efficacy and academic performance of Intermediate Pupils at CatSU Laboratory Schools under the blended learning approach. Uswag: Philippine Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 82–94.

Uswag Journal is dedicated to publishing research and undergoes a rigorous peer-review process. The scope of the journal includes but is not limited to the following topics:

• Island-based Researches
• Mathematics, Physical, Biological and Environmental Sciences
• Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry and Agribusiness
• Social Sciences and Humanities
• Language, Literature and Communication Arts
• Information and Communications Technology
• Health and Nutrition
• Engineering, Energy and Industrial Technology
• Business, Accountancy and Management
• Education
• Medicine
• Law
• Policy Studies

drive.google.com/file/d/1BCIczT37flG867Z9_ObggIj2dkK7d8MB/view?usp=sharing

Prior to submitting the manuscripts (research articles, reviews and commentaries), authors need to thoroughly review the policies and guidelines of the journal and ensure that their publishable articles are prepared in accordance with the specified guidelines and procedures.

All manuscripts must be individually submitted through the official e-mail address of Catanduanes State University Research and Development Services (rds@catsu.edu.ph) with the subject: Name of Researchers_Short Title of Manuscript_For Publication Uswag Journal.

It is necessary to use clear and concise English narration in the manuscript. If the manuscript contains multiple linguistic errors that hinder comprehension, the authors will be requested to revise and edit their work. While either British or American spelling may be utilized, it must be consistently applied throughout the text. Furthermore, any non-standard abbreviations must be explicitly defined upon their first mention. Studies using the Filipino language is also accepted for as long as the authors follow the correct grammar, style and syntax of the Filipino language.

The following files are required for all submissions:

Title page: This page includes the names, affiliations, email addresses, and OrcIDs of all authors.

Manuscript Body: This file constitutes the main body of the manuscript, and it should not contain any information that may identify the authors of this manuscript. The length of the blinded text should be between 4500 and 9500 words.

Cover Letter: In your cover letter, it is important to state why your work is an ideal fit for the journal and how it will captivate the journal's readers.

Authors should use the provided template files (for the title page and the blinded text) in Microsoft Word format and adhere to the guidelines presented within these templates while preparing their submissions (see attached publication template and letter).

If the manuscript requires revisions for possible publication, the authors are expected to submit a revised version along with their responses to the comments provided by the editors and reviewers.

The submission of manuscripts, accompanying documents, revisions, and final galley proofs of accepted manuscripts is managed through e-mail (rds@catsu.edu.ph) . Authors are expected to provide timely responses throughout all stages of the process. It is important to note that in certain instances, communications sent through the system may be filtered into spam folders by email servers. It is therefore the responsibility of the authors to routinely monitor their spam folders for potential status updates and additional requests.

The Catanduanes State University-Research and Development Services is committed to a prompt and equitable decision-making process following an in-depth and constructive feedback editorial review. As a result, editors have complete authority over the articles selected for publication in the journal. It is important to note that all articles published in the journal undergo strict peer-review evaluations.

The following standards must be complied by all manuscript submissions:

Manuscript must be aligned to the journal’s aims and scope.
Manuscript must be original.
Manuscript must follow publication ethics and author guidelines.
Manuscript must exhibit good use of English and/or Filipino.

The editorial office and editor-in-chief initially review all submitted manuscripts to ensure that they comply with the requirements stated above. If the manuscript fails to meet these requirements, the manuscripts shall be returned to the authors for corrections or rejected without further consideration.

Manuscripts that pass the initial screening are then assigned to the journal's Editor-in-chief, who is responsible for overseeing the remainder of the editorial process. The Editor-in-chief invites both internal and external peer reviewers to evaluate the originality and quality of the submission. Additionally, all reviewers should also adhere to the reviewer guidelines below. The editor makes the final editorial acceptance decision based on the reports of at least two expert reviewers (internal and external). In the event of a conflict of interest, alternative peer reviewers are assigned.

If the authors are dissatisfied with the editorial process (outcomes and decision), they may submit a comprehensive explanation of their complaints or appeals to rds@catsu.edu.ph. All complaints and appeals shall be scrutinized in accordance with the journal's guidelines.

The reviewers, both internal and external, responsible for evaluating manuscripts submitted to this journal must adhere to the following guidelines:

Reviewers must confirm that they have no potential conflicts of interest with the submitted manuscript. If they suspect any such competing interests, they must immediately inform the editors and decline the invitation.
Reviewers should ensure that the manuscript is aligned with the journal's aims and scope.
Reviewers should verify that the submitted manuscript complies with the author submission guidelines and ethical principles.
Reviewers should evaluate the originality, significance, and quality of the submission. This includes examining the prescribed parts of the manuscript.
Reviewers should adopt an unbiased, constructive, clear, and positive approach when preparing their evaluation reports.

Uswag Journal is committed to adhere to the University Publication Ethics (UPE) policies – request for office order or REC may suffice.

For Authors
Originality: Authors must submit original manuscripts that have not been published before and are not currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. Authors must also declare any potential conflicts of interest.

Supporting documents: Authors must submit all necessary supporting documents, including informed consent and ethics committee approval if the study involves live subjects or the use of hazardous chemicals.

Cooperation with editors: Authors are expected to fully cooperate with the journal editors by promptly responding to their requests, including providing supporting documents (e.g., data) used in the study.

Authorship: The list of authors should only include those who have made significant contributions to the manuscript and have approved and take full responsibility for the findings, discussions, and conclusions presented in the final version of the manuscript. Contributions of others who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be acknowledged in the acknowledgement section.

Transparency: Authors are encouraged to provide a statement of contributions, as well as institutional email addresses and ORCID, to enhance transparency. However, in exceptional circumstances, changes to the author list may be made during the revision process, provided that all co-authors consent and there is a proper justification. Such changes are subject to approval by the editorial team. Once the article is accepted for publication, no modifications to the author list will be permitted.

Proper citation: Proper acknowledgment must be given to works of others through correct in-text citation and referencing.

Copyrighted material: Authors must obtain formal permission from the copyright owners to use/reproduce any copyrighted material included in their manuscript. The editorial team and the publisher assume that the authors have obtained all necessary permissions before submitting their manuscript and cannot be held liable if proven otherwise.

For Reviewers
Reviewers should consider the following:

Check for potential conflict of interest and inform the editors if there is any.
Evaluate the manuscript's alignment with the journal's aims and scope.
Check the compliance of the submission with author submission guidelines and ethical principles.
Assess the originality, significance, and quality of the submission, including the introduction, methodology, data, results, and discussion.
Provide constructive, clear, and unbiased feedback to the editors.
Keep the manuscript and any related documents confidential and not use it for their personal gain.
Submit their review report within the given timeframe.

Reviewers are an essential part of the peer review process, and their feedback helps improve the quality of the manuscript and ensure its academic integrity.

For Editors
Journal editors have several responsibilities which include communicating with internal and external reviewers for professional guidance, managing the double-blind editorial peer review process, ensuring the submission is kept strictly confidential, addressing any suspected unethical behavior, and making unbiased publication decisions based on the relevance, originality, significance, and quality of the submissions. Editorial decisions should not be influenced by the ethnicity, gender, or religion of the authors. Editors are also responsible for ensuring that all published research materials comply with accepted ethical guidelines. In cases where an editor submits a manuscript, it must be handled by other editors who have no conflict of interest.

For the Publisher
The University as a publisher is responsible for providing the necessary resources and tools for the journal's publication activities both offline and online, ensuring the published articles are accessible and disseminated. However, the publisher does not interfere with the editorial processes and decisions. The University encourages authors, editors, and reviewers to adhere to the publication standards set by the REC.

The journal has a zero-tolerance policy towards academic misconduct, including plagiarism, simultaneous submission, duplicate publication, self-plagiarism, data fabrication, falsification, citation manipulation, salami slicing, and ghost authorship. All submitted manuscripts are subjected to Turnitin, a plagiarism detection software requiring Similarity Index Threshold of no more than 10%. In case of any suspected misconduct, the publisher and journal editors cooperate closely and take necessary actions to settle the issues, even if it is discovered years after publication.

Correctios, errata or corrigenda are used to correct minor errors or inaccuracies in published articles, while retractions are used to withdraw or remove articles from the published record due to serious issues such as academic misconduct or research integrity violations. Retractions shall be decided by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) and must be made in a transparent and clear manner, with appropriate notices and explanations provided to journal’s reader.

Anyone who is dissatisfied with the quality of the publication processes or the journal content can send a detailed description of the case to the REC at rds@catsu.edu.ph. All concerns will be thoroughly investigated according to REC.

To ensure impartiality in the review process, this journal adopts a double-blind peer review procedure, both internally and/or externally. This means that the reviewer and the author remain anonymous throughout the process. In order to protect the identity of the authors, the main body of the submitted manuscript is anonymized. Additionally, the authors need to ensure that their own works are blinded in the references and in-text citations.

Once a manuscript passes the initial screening, editors will then invite expert reviewers (internal and/or external) to evaluate the manuscript's originality and quality. Peer review is a crucial process that ensures the academic work is of the highest possible quality by providing constructive feedback to the authors. It also assists the editors in determining whether the work is acceptable for publication in the journal. As a principle, all manuscripts are reviewed by at least two expert reviewers before editors make their decisions.

Maintaining ethical principles is crucial for editors, reviewers, and authors to ensure an effective peer review process. Reviewers must promptly notify editors and decline the invitation if they have a competing interest, such as a financial relationship, intellectual belief, personal relationship, or competition, that may influence their professional judgment and objectivity in the evaluation. Additionally, reviewers must never disclose any content of the manuscript, in part or in full, to anyone else. It is their responsibility to submit their review reports in a clear and timely manner.

The initial round of the double-blind peer-review process is expected to be completed within one month after submission. However, authors should be aware that if revisions are necessary, the processing time may be longer.

At the end of the editorial peer-review process, editors determine whether to accept or reject the manuscript for publishing in the journal based on their own evaluation and review reports. Final decisions are then communicated to the corresponding authors through a formal letter or e-mail.

Accepted manuscripts: Once a manuscript is accepted for publication, it undergoes further processing and is handed over to the R&DS. There are no publication fees associated with this journal. The R&DS prepares an initial version of the galley proof (GP), which is sent to the authors for possible corrections. Minor changes may be made during formatting, such as resizing images and fonts to fit the journal template. The authors may be asked to provide higher resolution versions of figures and images. The authors can submit their corrections or approve the current version of the GP. If additional corrections are required, a new version of the GP will be prepared and sent to the authors. Once the authors and editors have accepted the GP, the article will be scheduled for publication in a journal issue. The volume, issue, article, and DOI (to be applied later) will be included into the full text of the article, and the final version will be prepared for publication. After publication, the authors will receive an acknowledgement letter or email, and the article will be made available either online or via hard copy.

Rejected manuscripts: For rejected manuscripts, authors may receive suggestions for alternative journals, although acceptance is not guaranteed. If authors disagree with the editorial decision, they can file a formal appeal by sending an email to the R&DS.

The journal’s publication fee is 100% free.

Uswag Journal is open access.

All published articles can be accessed through official website of Catanduanes State University. Everyone will have free and immediate access to the full-texts of published content without any subscription.

Hence, the authors of this journal will enjoy wide audience and higher impact and citation opportunities.

The authors of published scholarly work in this journal maintain the copyright and have complete control over their work. They are not required to transfer their copyright to the publisher. This policy enables the scientific community to access the content freely and immediately after its publication.

This journal is open access. It allows everyone to store and distribute the published articles in any medium. The journal also encourages authors to self-archive their articles in their own web sites, in their institutional web sites, and in public repositories.

Additionally, the archives of the journal is stored in the CatSU’s BIRRO (Bibliographical Institutional Repository of Researches).

Executive Editors:	Atty. Septon A. de la Cruz, CESO III Dr. Rosana S. Abundo Dr. Kristian Q. Aldea
Editor-in-chief	Dr. Jose Z. Tria
Managing Editor:	Mr. Anjo G. Tugay
Technical Editors:	Mr. Giles Martin S. Camacho Ms. Sharmaine C. Biñas Ms. Robelle M. Tapado Ms. Bernadeth T. Garcia
Editorial Board Members:	Dr. Kristian Q. Aldea Dr. Maria Edna R. Iñigo Dr. Medie M. Lopez Prof. Aljon Francis Koji P. Elegado Dr. Joel Jordan Dr. Ramon Felipe A. Sarmiento Ms. Robelle M. Tapado Dr. Rosana S. Abundo Prof. Romeleen S. Go-Vela Engr. Dexter M. Toyado Prof. Rujube Hermano (Southern Leyte State University)

Instructions: The Uswag Journal is committed to high academic standards, treating publication as a collaborative efforts among authors, reviewers and editors. The goal of the peer review process is to enhance the academic and scientific quality of the submissions. Reviewers will work collaboratively with the authors to ensure integrity of the manuscript.

Constructive criticism is an essential part of this collaborative effort and as such shall be given and taken in a professional manner. Reviewers are expected to return the result of the review within two weeks (14 days), unless otherwise specified by the editor.

Thank you very much for your valuable contribution.

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